Revocation of Article 370: The Reversal that Alters Kashmir’s Autonomy
Published on: June 25, 2024.
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Kashmir: A Controversial Issue between Pakistan and India
Kashmir, often referred to as paradise, is one of the most beautiful places on Earth. However, it remains a contentious issue between Pakistan and India, having sparked more than two wars. Both nations possess nuclear weapons, which raises the specter of nuclear conflict. On August 5, 2019, India revoked Articles 370 and 35A of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution. This move had significant implications for the region.
Revocation of Articles 370 and 35A
Article 370 granted Jammu and Kashmir special autonomy, including its own constitution and flag, with only defense, foreign affairs, and communications under central control. Additionally, Article 370 restricted non-locals from acquiring land or permanent residency in the territory. India’s decision to revoke these articles was celebrated by some as a victory but criticized both internally and externally.
The international community expressed concern over human rights violations in Kashmir. Indian security forces have been accused of excessive force, arbitrary arrests, and detentions, particularly during counterinsurgency operations. Internet outages and communication disruptions have restricted free expression and information access. Human rights organizations have condemned the use of pellet guns during protests, which have caused serious injuries among civilians. The strong military presence has led to fears of harassment and intimidation.
Despite these concerns, the criticism of India’s actions was not as extensive as expected. This can be attributed to India’s strong economy, active diaspora, and effective diplomacy.
International Response and Political Interests
Many Muslim countries remained silent on the issue due to their political and economic interests in Indian foreign policy. Countries like the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Indonesia have strong trade relations with India. Pakistan should engage in effective diplomacy to highlight human rights violations in Kashmir and seek intervention from the United Nations Security Council.
China, a long-time ally of Pakistan, also raises concerns about territorial conflicts in Ladakh. The United States has expressed a willingness to mediate between India and Pakistan, offering a potential avenue for resolution.
Influence of the Pakistani Diaspora
The Pakistani diaspora plays a significant role in influencing how the Indian government handles the Kashmir dispute. Diaspora members can engage in diplomatic channels, advocate for resolving Kashmiri grievances, and promote long-term solutions to the conflict. They can raise awareness about human rights issues in Kashmir through public campaigns, social media activism, and local events.
Diaspora organizations can participate in political lobbying to influence policies concerning Kashmir and collaborate with advocacy groups to hold India accountable for human rights abuses. By encouraging dialogue and understanding, the Pakistani diaspora can help create an environment conducive to conflict resolution and reconciliation in Kashmir.
The Role of Pakistani Think Tanks
Pakistani think tanks have the potential to significantly impact the conversation and decision-making on the Kashmir dispute. Through thorough research and analysis, they can offer evidence-based conflict resolution strategies and insights into the conflict’s complexities. These think tanks can foster informal discussions and build mutual confidence between stakeholders in Pakistan and India, supporting Track Two diplomacy programs.
By amplifying Kashmiri voices in advocacy and public awareness campaigns, Pakistani think tanks can highlight human rights abuses and garner support for nonviolent conflict resolution. Their expertise, objectivity, and credibility can catalyze dialogue, reconciliation, and long-term peace in the region.
